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1. General sources for planning information are: XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 114-19; XIV Corps, Japanese Defense of Cities, pp. 24-25; Beightler Comments, 18 Mar 57. Headquarters, 37th Division, actually did most of the detailed planning for the assault, consulting closely with XIV Corps headquarters during the process. The division's complete plan was presented to and approved by Griswold only the day before the actual assault.

2. 37th Div FO 30, 22 Feb 45; Beightler Comments, 18 Mar 57.

3. Entry timed 2010 16 Feb 45, 37th Div G-3 Jnl, 16 Feb 45; 37th Div, Synopsis of Plan for Capturing Walled City, 16 Feb 45, 37th Div G-3 Jnl File, 15-19 Feb 45; Rad, Support Air Party with 37th Div to Fifth Air Force, 0845 17 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File, 17-18 Feb 45; Teletype Msg, Griswold to Krueger, 1410 16 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File, 15-16 Feb 45. General Beightler. (in Beightler Comments, 18 Mar 57) denied that he ever had any intention of razing the Walled City and other objectives, but merely wanted to raze a small portion of Intramuros at the northeast corner, site of the initial assault. This is not borne out by the messages cited above, and it is certain that General Griswold believed it was Beightler's intent to raze all of Intramuros.

4. XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 114-16; Teletype Msg, Griswold to Krueger, 1410 16 Feb 45.

5. Practically no information on air operations in the Manila area after 3 February can be found in available documents, although earlier strikes by carrier-based planes are well documented. For the period 3-23 February, see: Teletype Msg, G-2 Sixth Army to G-2 XIV Corps, Mission Rpt, 10 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 10 Feb 45 (Classified Folder); Boggs,Marine Aviation in the Philippines, p. 86; 37th Div Rpt Luzon, p. 57.

6. A Third Fleet photograph, taken during a strike by Third Fleet planes, also showed a bomb hole in the roof of the Legislative Building.

7. Rad, Krueger to MacArthur, WG-417, 16 Feb 45, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 14-16 Feb 45.

8. Rad, MacArthur to Krueger, CA-50503, 16 Feb 45, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 16-18 Feb 45. It is interesting to note that this radio implies that General MacArthur did not know that both land-based and carrier-based aircraft had previously hit parts of Manila.

9. 37th Div FO 30, 22 Feb 45; 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 77-79.

10. Entry timed 0930 13 Feb 45 and Entry timed 0930 17 Feb 45, 37th Div G-3 Jnl, 13 and 17 Feb 45; XIV Corps Arty Rpt Luzon, p. 11.

11. XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 116, 119-20; XIV Corps Arty Rpt Luzon, p. 12; 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 77-79; 756th FA Bn Rpt Luzon, p. 6.

12. The remainder of the subsection is based upon: XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 120-21; XIV Corps, Japanese Defense of Cities, p. 25; XIV Corps Arty Rpt Luzon, pp. 11-12, 16; 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 77-81; 37th Div Arty Rpt Luzon, p. 12; ibid., app. 5, Action in Manila; ibid., app. 6, Preparation for Assault on Intramuros; ibid., app, 7, Arty Direct Fire Positions; 37th Div G-3 Per Rpt 46, 22-23 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File, 23-24 Feb 45; ACofS G-3 Sixth Army, Rpt on Obsns of Attack on Intramuros, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 22-23 Feb 45.

13. No breakdowns between the two types of 4.2-inch ammunition can be found, nor do available records contain complete information on the ammunition expenditures of the infantry 105-mm. self-propelled mounts, infantry mortars, and infantry machine guns.

14. The principal sources for this subsection are: XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 120-26; 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 77-83; 37th Div G-3 Per Rpts 46-49, 23-26 Feb 45; 117th Engr Bn Hist, 4 Feb-3 Mar 45, pp. 5-6; 129th Inf Hist 1810-1945, pp. 67-68; 129th Inf Rpt Luzon, p. 7; 129th Inf S-3 Per Rpts, 23-27 Feb 45; 145th Inf Rpt Luzon, pp. 30-33; 145th Inf S-1 Jnl, 23 Feb-4 Mar 45; 145th Inf S-3 Jnl, 23 Feb-4 Mar 45; 145th Inf S-3 Per Rpts, 23 Feb-4 Mar 45.

15. The fact of this atrocity is well documented in such sources as USA vs. Yamashita.

16. Entry 1434, 1840 23 Feb 45, 145th Inf S-3 Jnl, 23 Feb 45.

17. For saving his troop commander's life at the cost of his own during the fight at this strongpoint, the Customs House, Pfc. William J. Grabiarz of Troop E, 5th Cavalry, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

18. Background and planning information in this section is from: XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, p. 187; XIV Corps, Japanese Defense of Cities, pp. 22-23; 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 81-84; 37th Div, Field Msg 4, 27 Feb 45, 37th Div G-3 Jnl File, 25 Feb-6 Mar 45.

19. Hashimoto Statement, States, II, 278-81.

20. The exterior of the Finance Building, for example, bore a striking resemblance to the Old Senate Office Building in Washington.

21. Information on support fires comes mainly from: 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 83-86; 37th Div G-3 Per Rpts 47-51, 24-28 Feb 45; 37th Div Arty Rpt Luzon, pp. 12-13; ibid., app. 7, Arty Direct Fire Positions; 136th FA Bn Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 19-23.

22. Further information on the reduction of the buildings is from: XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 130-34; 148th Inf Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 9-10; 148th Inf S-3 Per Rpts, 25 Feb-2 Mar 45; 148th Inf S-3 Jnl, 25 Feb-2 Mar 45; 148th Inf S-1 Per Rpts, 26 Feb-3 Mar 45; 5th Cav Rpt Luzon, pp. 27-29; ibid., an. 4, Casualties; 5th Cav S-2/S-3 Jnl, 26 Feb-1 Mar 45; 5th Cav S-2 and S-3 Per Rpts, 26 Feb-1 Mar 45.

23. 37th Div Rpt Luzon, p. 85.

24. The 148th originally planned to attack at 1430 on 1 March, but the surrender appeal postponed the effort. 148th Inf, Plan for Assault on Finance Bldg, 28 Feb 45, in 37th Div G-3 Jnl File, 25 Feb-6 Mar 45.

25. Rad, Griswold to Krueger, 2030 3 Mar 45, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 1-3 Mar 45.

26. Rad, Krueger to MacArthur, WG-107, 4 Mar 45, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 3-5 Mar 45.

27. These figures are estimates based upon a study of relevant Japanese and American sources previously cited. As might be expected, the claims of all U.S. units engaged provide a total divorced from reality and far greater than the strength of the Japanese garrison in the metropolitan area.