1. A host of documents concerning the parade are to be found in
the files of all levels of the command. See, inter
alia: Memo, Asst ACofS G-3
Sixth Army for ACofS G-3 Sixth Army, 1 Feb 45, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File
Luzon, 31 Jan-2 Feb 45; Memo, ACofS G-3 XIV Corps for CofS XIV Corps, 4 Feb
45, sub: Notes Taken at Conf at GHQ 4 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File, 2-4
Feb 45; Rad, Sixth Army to I, XI, and XIV Corps, WG-53, 5 Feb 45, Sixth Army
G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 4-6 Feb 45; 40th Inf Div, Memo for Components, 6 Feb 45,
sub: Manila Victory Parade, 108th Inf S-3 Jnl File, 6-9 Feb 45.
2. Subsequent material on Manila planning problems is based on:
XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 86-87; XIV Corps, Japanese Defense of
Cities, pp. 13, 19-22, 26.
3. The remainder of this section is based principally upon: Sixth
Army Rpt Luzon, I, 36; Memo, Engr Sixth Army for CofS Sixth Army, 4 Feb 45,
Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 2-4 Feb 45; Rad, Sixth Army to XIV Corps,
WC-40, 5 Feb 45, and Teletype Msg, Sixth Army to XIV Corps, 6 Feb 45, both
in Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 4-6 Feb 45; XIV Corps FO 6, 7 Feb 45,
Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 8-10 Feb 45.
4. The general sources for 1st Cavalry Division operations
covered in this chapter are: 1st Cav Div Rpt Luzon, Narrative, pp. 4-14;
Wright, 1st Cavalry Division
in World War II, pp. 130-33;
1st Cav Div G-3 Jnl, 3-12 Feb 45; 1st Cav Div G-3 Opns Rpts, 3-12 Feb 45;
1st Cav Brig Rpt Luzon, pt. I, Narrative, pp. 1-4; 1st Cav Brig Unit Jnl,
3-12 Feb 45; 1st Cav Brig S-3 Per Rpts, 3-12 Feb 45; 2d Cav Brig Rpt Luzon,
pp. 4-7; 2d Cav Brig S-3 Opns Rpts, 3-12 Feb 45; 2d Cav Brig Jnl File, 3-12
Feb 45; 44th Tank Bn, Rpt Luzon, pp. 7-11; 44th Tank Bn S-3 Per Rpts, 3-12
Feb 45; 44th Tank Bn S-2/S-3 Jnl, 3-12 Feb 45.
5. Additional information on the 8th Cavalry operations is from:
8th Cav Rpt Luzon, Manila Phase, pp. 1-2; ibid., Novaliches
Water Shed Phase, pp. 1-2; 8th Cav S-2/S-3 Jnl, 3-20 Feb 45; 8th Cav Unit
Per Opns Rpts, 3-20 Feb 45.
6. Negotiations between Chase and Hayashi actually took place on
the 4th, and it was not until morning of the 5th that Hayashi and his men
left, releasing their hostages.
7. Additional information on the 5th Cavalry's participation in
this and other actions covered in this chapter is from: 5th Cav Rpt Luzon,
pp. 5-27; ibid., an.
4, Casualties; 5th Cav S-3 Per Rpts, 3-12 Feb 45; 5th Cav S-2/S-3 Jnl, 3-12
Feb 45.
8. General sources for 37th Division operations covered in this
chapter are: 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 37-77; 37th Div G-3 Per Rpts, 4-12 Feb
45; 37th Div G-3 Jnls and Jnl Files, 4-12 Feb 45.
9. Additional information on 148th Infantry action is from: 148th
Inf Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 5-9; 148th Inf S-1 and S-3 Per Rpts, 4-12 Feb 45;
148th Inf S-3 Jnl, 4-12 Feb 45.
10. Chase Comments, 3 Dec 56; Beightler Comments, 18 Mar 57;
Halsema Comments, Mar 57. According to General Chase the probable reason
that none of his troops had discovered the prisoners was that no one had the
slightest inkling they were in Old Bilibid. On 5 February the 37th Division
had to remove both prisoners and internees from the prison to temporary
quarters at Grace Park when fire threatened the area and it appeared that
the Japanese might be forming a counterattack. The prisoners and civilians
departed so hurriedly that they had to leave their few pitiful belongings
behind--when they returned a few days later looters had stolen almost
everything.
11. XIV Corps changed the boundary within the city three times
between 1820 4 February and 2310 5 February; it is the last change that is
described above. Entry timed 1820 4 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl, 4 Feb 45;
Rads, XIV Corps to 37th Div and 1st Cav Div, 0215 and 2310 5 Feb 45, XIV
Corps G-3 Jnl File, 5 Feb 45. Additional information on Griswold's command
decisions during the battle is from: XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 89-113;
XIV Corps, Japanese Defense of Cities, pp. 2, 10, 13-14, 19-23.
12. Additional sources for 145th Infantry action are: 145th Inf
Rpt Luzon, pp. 16-19; 145th Inf S-3 Per Rpts, 4-12 Feb 45; 145th Inf S-1 and
S-3 Jnls, 5-12 Feb 45.
13. While most of the information concerning artillery support of
37th Division operations in Manila (in both this and the next chapter) comes
from the infantry regimental sources cited previously or subsequently, the
following were also employed: 37th Div Arty Rpt Luzon, pp. 9-10; ibid., an.
5, Manila Overlays; 135th FA Bn Rpt Luzon, pp. 14-15; 135th FA Bn Unit Jnl,
5-23 Feb 45; 140th FA Bn Unit Jnl, 5-23 Feb 45; 6th FA Bn Rpt Luzon, 4 Feb-3
Mar 45, pp. 2-3; Daily S-3 Per Rpts of the 6th, 135th, 136th, and 140th FA
Bns and the 637th TD Bn, 4-23 Feb 45, copies in 37th Div G-3 Jnl Files, 4-24
Feb 45.
14. 2d Lt. Robert M. Viale, a platoon leader of Company K, 148th
Infantry, was posthumously awarded the Medal
of Honor for heroic action
during the regiment's advance southward through Manila. Viale was the first
of four men of the 37th Division, all from the 148th, to win Medals of Honor
in Manila.
15. See, for example, Msg, Asst ACofS G-3 XIV Corps to ACofS G-3
Sixth Army, 1500 6 Feb 45, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 4-6 Feb 45.
16. As directed by XIV Corps Opns Memo 15, 6 Feb 45, Sixth Army
G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 8-10 Feb 45.
17. Additional information on the 7th Cavalry operations is from:
7th Cav Rpt Luzon, pp. 11-14; 7th Cav S-3 Per Rpts, 4-20 Feb 45; 7th Cav
S-2/S-3 Jnl, 4-20 Feb 45.
18. Additional material on the operations of 1st Cavalry Division
artillery in this and the next chapter is from: 1st Cav Div Arty Rpt Luzon,
pt. II, Chron Rcd, pp. 5-15; ibid., pt.
III, Unit Jnl, 4-23 Feb 45; 947th FA Bn Rpt Luzon, pt. II, Unit Jnl, 5-23
Feb 45; ibid., pt.
V, S-3 Work Sheets, 5-23 Feb 45.
19. The Japanese battalion had started evacuating the San Juan
del Monte-New Manila area on 6 February but had been ordered back into its
defenses. It seems probable that the bulk of the unit was never engaged at
New Manila and that before the battalion had reoccupied all of its positions
it had begun its final withdrawal.
20. XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 89-90, 96-97; Teletype Msg,
Sixth Army to XIV Corps, 6 Feb 45, Sixth Army G-3 Jnl File Luzon, 4-6 Feb
45; XIV Corps FO 6, 7 Feb 45; Msg, G-3 XIV Corps to 37th Inf Div and 1st Cav
Div, 1205 7 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File, 6-7 Feb 45; Beightler Comments,
18 Mar 57.
21. 37th Div FO 28, 7 Feb 45, 37th Div G-3 Jnl File, 6-8 Feb 45.
22. 37th Div FO 28, 7 Feb 45; 37th Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 43-48;
Verbal Orders, CG 37th Div to CO 148th Inf, 1100 7 Feb 45, and 148th Inf
Opns Memo 16, 2100 7 Feb 45, both in 37th Div G-3 Jnl File, 6-8 Feb 45;
129th Inf Unnumbered Opns Order, 7 Feb 45, 129th Inf Opns Orders File.
23. Beightler Comments, 18 Mar 57. According to General Beightler,
General MacArthur had made a personal tour of the Malacaņan Palace grounds
during the morning of the 7th and had observed that it was so quiet in the
area that XIV Corps could cross the river and clear all southern Manila with
a platoon.
24. T.
Sgt. Cleto Rodriguez and Pfc.
John N. Reese, Jr., both of Company B, 148th Infantry, were awarded the
Medal of Honor for heroic action during this fight. Reese's award being made
posthumously.
25. Pfc. Joseph J. Cicchetti was awarded, posthumously, the Medal
of Honor for heroic action at
the Gas Works on 9 February. Cicchetti was a member of Company A, 148th
Infantry.
26. Additional information on 129th Infantry action comes from:
129th Inf Rpt Luzon, pp. 6-7; 129th Inf Hist 1810-1945, pp. 62-66; 129th Inf
S-3 Per Rpts, 6-12 Feb 45; 129th Inf Regtl Jnl, 8-12 Feb 45.
27. This conclusion is based upon a thorough examination of all
relevant 37th Division, 129th Infantry, and 148th Infantry records.
28. XIV Corps Luzon Rpt, pt. I, p. 93; 37th Div Luzon Rpt, pp.
51-53.
29. Japanese information in this section is based primarily upon
11th A/B Div Rpt Luzon, pp. 16, 29; see also above, ch.
XIII.
30. The general sources of information concerning 11th Airborne
Division operations are: Eighth Army Rpt Nasugbu-Bataan, pp. 22-28; Sixth
Army Rpt Luzon, I, 38; XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, pp. 91- 94; 11th A/B Div
Rpt Luzon, pp. 4-6; Flanagan, The
Angels, pp. 81-88; 11th A/B
Div G-3 Per Rpts, 4-23 Feb 45; 11th A/B Div Arty, Unit Hist, 31 Jan-9 Feb
45, pp. 4-6;ibid., 10
Feb-4 May 45, pp. 1-5.
31. Additional information on 511th Infantry operations is from;
511th Inf S-1, S-2, and S-3 Jnls, 4-23 Feb 45; 511th Inf S-1 Casualty and
Insp Rpts Luzon.
32. Most of the 11th Airborne Division's records were lost when
the division moved to Japan at the end of the war or were destroyed in a
fire at the division's headquarters building during the occupation.
Therefore, it is impossible to reconstruct the details of the fighting for
the Nichols Field area on and after 7 February. Fragmentary information is
available in: 188th Inf Draft Hist Luzon, pp. 4-10; 188th Inf Rpt Luzon, pp.
4-8; 1st Bn 187th Inf Chron Narrative, 26 Jan-24 Feb 45, pp. 4-7, 11th A/B
Div Camp Campbell Ky. collection; 187th Inf S-3 Per Rpts, 8-23 Feb 45; 187th
Inf Chron Narrative MIKE VI
Opn, pp. 2-4; 2d Bn 187th Inf Chron Narrative MIKE VI
Opn, pp. 3-5.
33. Flanagan, The
Angels, p. 85.
34. Sixth Army FO 47, 2 Feb 45.
35. Eichelberger stated that he kept Krueger constantly informed
of the 11th Airborne Division's progress by direct radio, but received no
information from Sixth Army until 4 February. Eichelberger Comments, 21 Jan
57. On the other hand, the earliest message to Sixth Army that can be found
in Eighth Army files is dated 5 February.
36. The foregoing analysis of liaison problems is based on: Sixth
Army Rpt Luzon, I, 38; ibid., III,
68; XIV Corps Rpt Luzon, pt. I, p. 98; XIV Corps Arty Rpt Luzon, p. 11; Rad,
G-3 XIV Corps to G-3 37th Div, 1225 8 Feb 45, 37th Div G-3 Jnl File, 6-8 Feb
45; Rad, Eichelberger to MacArthur, 0900 3 Feb 45; Rad, Eichelberger to
MacArthur, 1130 5 Feb 45; Rad, Eichelberger to Krueger, 1130 5 Feb 45; Rad,
Eichelberger to MacArthur, 1208 7 Feb 45; Rad, Krueger to Eichelberger,
WG-139, 8 Feb 45. Last five in Eighth Army G-3 Jnl File MIKE VI,
2-19 Feb 45. Eichelberger Comments, 21 Jan 57.
37. Rad, Griswold to Swing, 10 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File, 10
Feb 45.
38. Rad, XIV Corps to 11th A/B Div, 37th Div, 1st Cav Div, and
XIV Corps Arty, 11 Feb 45, XIV Corps G-3 Jnl File, 11 Feb 45. This radio
also established a formal boundary between the 11th Airborne and 1st Cavalry
Divisions, running east along Libertad Avenue and Route 57 four miles inland
to the southwest corner of Fort McKinley.
39. Since there are few division records, casualty figures are
fragmentary, and the figures presented here are the author's estimates based
upon study of all relevant sources.
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